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Miniature Donkey Information

The donkey or ass, Equus africanus asinus,[1][2] is a domesticated member of the Equidae or horse family. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the African Wild Ass, E. africanus. In the western United States, a small donkey is sometimes called a burro (from the Spanish word for the animal).

A male donkey or ass is called a jack, a female a jenny, and offspring less than one year old, a foal (male: colt, female filly).

While different species of the Equidae family can interbreed, offspring are almost always sterile. Nonetheless, horse/donkey hybrids are popular for their durability and vigor. A mule is the offspring of a jack (male donkey) and a mare (female horse). The much rarer successful mating of a male horse and a female donkey produces a hinny.

Asses were first domesticated around 3000 BC,[3] approximately the same time as the horse, and have spread around the world. They continue to fill important roles in many places today and domesticated species are increasing in numbers, but the African wild ass and another relative, the Onager, are endangered. As "beasts of burden" and companions, asses and donkeys have worked together with humans for millennia.

Contents

Breeding

Jennies are normally pregnant for about 12 months, though the gestation period varies from 11 to almost 14 months.[4] Jennies usually give birth to a single foal. Twins are very rare: only about 1.7 percent of donkey pregnancies result in twins, and both twins survive in only about 14 percent of cases.[citation needed]

Characteristics

On the island of Hydra, because cars are outlawed, donkeys and mules form virtually the sole method of heavy goods transport.

Donkeys vary considerably in size, depending on breed and management. Most domestic donkeys range from 9 to 14.2 hands (36 to 58 inches, 91 to 147 cm), though the Mammoth Jack breed is taller, and the Andalucian-Cordobesan breed of southern Spain can reach up to 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm)high. Donkeys have a lifespan of 30 to 50 years.[5]

Donkeys are adapted to marginal desert lands, and have many traits that are unique to the species as a result. Wild donkeys live separated from each other, unlike tight wild horse and feral horse herds. Donkeys have developed very loud vocalizations, which help keep in contact with other donkeys over the wide spaces of the desert. The best-known call is referred to as a "bray," which can be heard for over three kilometers. Donkeys have larger ears than horses. Their longer ears may pick up more distant sounds,[citation needed] and may help cool the donkey's blood. Donkeys in the wild can defend themselves with a powerful kick of their hind legs as well as by biting and striking with their front hooves.

Communication

Satirical use of braying in a political cartoon

Braying is the characteristic sound made by an ass, donkey, and most mules. Donkeys use this sound to communicate and will bray more frequently when a new donkey is encountered. The sound typically lasts for twenty seconds.[6][7] The sound may be rendered onomatapoeically as "eeyore" and so this was used as the name of the donkey in Winnie-the-Pooh. Donkeys may be trained to bray or not to bray upon command. This may be used as a form of mockery.[8][9] Braying may be considered a simile for loud and foolish speech. For example,[10]

There are braying men in the world as well as braying asses; for what's loud and senseless talking and swearing, any other than braying —Sir Roger L'Estrange

Nutrition

Donkeys' tough digestive system is somewhat less prone to colic than that of horses, can break down near-inedible vegetation and extract moisture from food very efficiently. As a rule, donkeys need smaller amounts of feed than horses of comparable height and weight. Because they are easy keepers, if overfed, donkeys are also quite susceptible to developing a condition called laminitis.

Donkeys evolved to spend 14–16 hours per day browsing and foraging for food. In their native arid and semi-arid climates this would often be a poor quality, scrubby fiber. Domesticated donkey owners face the challenge of feeding their donkey enough low energy fiber in order to meet their appetite, but in temperate climates the forage available is often too rich and abundant, resulting in weight gain and obesity with further implications including laminitis, hyperlipidemia and gastric ulcers.[11] Although the donkey’s gastrointestinal tract has no marked differences in structure to that of the horse, it is well documented that "donkeys are more efficient at digesting food than horses and, as a consequence, can thrive on less forage than a similar sized pony."[12] Donkeys need to eat approximately 1.5 percent of their body weight per day in dry matter,[13] compared with 2-2.5 percent for horses. It is not fully understood why donkeys are such efficient digestors but it is thought that they may have a different microbial population in the large intestine than do horses. Another possibility is increased gut retention time compared to ponies.[14]

Donkeys gain most of their daily energy needs from structural carbohydrates. An average, healthy donkey only requires free choice feeding of low-calorie fiber-rich forage such as straw (preferably barley straw), supplemented with controlled grazing in the summer and hay in the winter. A donkey’s requirement for protein and fat are so low that in practice once the energy requirements are met so too are the protein and fat requirements.[13] Cereal based feeds designed for horses are often too high in energy levels and will exceed the daily requirements of donkeys.[11] Even a small amount of grazing or fresh fodder during the spring and summer will provide adequate vitamin levels, so for a normal, healthy donkey a diet of straw plus a little grazing or hay meets their nutritional needs without need for concentrated feeds. A low-calorie vitamin and mineral supplement is recommended for donkeys year-round when on a restricted diet, and to all donkeys during the winter months.

Etymology of the name

Until recently the synonym ass was the more common term for Equus asinus (as in jackass, meaning "male donkey"). The first written use of donkey is as recent as 1785.[15] While the word ass has cognates in most other Indo-European languages, donkey is an etymologically obscure word for which no credible cognate has been identified. Hypotheses on its derivation include the following:

The homonymity in the United States with a vulgar term ass for "buttocks" might have influenced its gradual replacement by donkey there, though this does not account for the parallel change in Britain and Australia.[citation needed]

Scientific name

Traditionally, the scientific name for the donkey is Equus asinus asinus based on the principle of priority used for scientific names of animals. However, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has ruled in 2003 that if the domestic species and the wild species are considered subspecies of each other, the scientific name of the wild species has priority, even when that subspecies has been described after the domestic subspecies.[2] This means that the proper scientific name for the donkey is Equus africanus asinus when it is considered a subspecies, and Equus asinus when it is considered a species.

History

Donkey in an Egyptian painting c. 1298-1235 BC Ancient Greek rhyton in the shape of a donkey's head, ca. 440 BC–430 BC, from Athens. Louvre Museum, Paris.

The ancestors of the modern donkey are the Nubian and Somalian subspecies of African wild ass.[18][19] The African Wild Ass was domesticated around 4000 BC. The donkey became an important pack animal for people living in the Egyptian and Nubian regions as they can easily carry 20% to 30% of their own body weight and can also be used as a farming and dairy animal. By 1800 BC, the ass had reached the Middle East, where the trading city of Damascus was referred to as the "City of Asses" in cuneiform texts. Syria produced at least three breeds of donkeys, including a saddle breed with a graceful, easy gait. These were favored by women.[citation needed]

For the Greeks, the donkey was associated with Dionysus, the god of wine. The Romans also valued the ass and would use it as a sacrificial animal[citation needed]

Equines had become extinct in the Western Hemisphere at the end of the last Ice Age. However, horses and donkeys were brought back to the Americas by the Conquistadors. In 1495,[citation needed]the ass first appeared in the New World when Christopher Columbus brought four jacks and two jennys. It is from this bloodline that many of the mules which the Conquistadors used while they explored the Americas were produced.[citation needed] Shortly after the United States became independent, President George Washington imported the first mammoth jack stock into the country. Because the existing Jack donkeys in the New World at the time lacked the size and strength he sought to produce quality work mules, he imported donkeys from Spain and France, some standing over 1.63 m tall. One of the donkeys Washington received from the Marquis de Lafayette, named "Knight of Malta", stood 1.43 m and thus was regarded as a great disappointment. Viewing this donkey as unfit for producing mules, Washington instead bred Knight of Malta to his jennys and, in doing so, created an American line of Mammoth Jacks (a breed name that includes both males and females).

Despite these early appearances of donkeys in America, the donkey did not find widespread distribution in America until it was found useful as a pack animal by miners, particularly the gold prospectors, of the mid-19th century. Miners preferred this animal due to its ability to carry tools, supplies, and ore. Their sociable disposition and adaptation to human companionship allowed many miners to lead their donkeys without ropes. They simply followed behind their owner. As mining became less an occupation of the individual prospector and more of an industrial underground operation, the miners' donkeys lost their jobs, and many were simply turned loose into the American deserts. Descendants of these donkeys, now feral, can still be seen roaming the Southwest today.

Ass headcount in 2003

By the early 20th century, donkeys began to be used less as working animals and instead kept as pets in the United States and other wealthier nations, while remaining an important work animal in many poorer regions. The increased popularity of the donkey as a pet was seen in the appearance of the miniature donkey in 1929. Robert Green imported miniature donkeys to the United States and was a lifetime advocate of the breed. Mr. Green is perhaps best quoted when he said, "Miniature donkeys possess the affectionate nature of a Newfoundland, the resignation of a cow, the durability of a mule, the courage of a tiger, and the intellectual capability only slightly inferior to man's." Standing only 32-40 inches, many families recognized the potential of miniature donkeys as pets and companions for their children.[citation needed]

Although the donkey faded from public notice and became viewed as a comical, stubborn beast which was considered "cute" at best, the donkey has recently regained some popularity in North America as a mount, for pulling wagons, and even as a guard animal. Some standard species are ideal for guarding herds of sheep against predators, since most donkeys have a natural wariness toward coyotes and other canines, and will keep them away from the herd.

Economic use

Classic British seaside donkeys in Skegness Donkey cart being loaded in Mapai, Mozambique

Donkeys have a notorious reputation for stubbornness, but this has been attributed to a much stronger sense of "self preservation" than exhibited by horses.[20] Likely based on a stronger prey instinct and a weaker connection with man, it is considerably more difficult to force or frighten a donkey into doing something it perceives to be dangerous for whatever reason.

Although formal studies of their behaviour and cognition are rather limited, donkeys appear to be quite intelligent, cautious, friendly, playful, and eager to learn. They are often pastured or stabled with horses and ponies, and are thought to have a calming effect on nervous horses. If a donkey is introduced to a mare and foal, the foal will often turn to the donkey for support after it has been weaned from its mother.[21]

Once a person has earned their confidence they can be willing and companionable partners and very dependable in work[citation needed]. For this reason, they are now commonly[citation needed] kept as pets in countries where their use as beasts of burden has disappeared. Donkey rides for children are also a popular[citation needed] pastime for children in holiday resorts or other leisure contexts.

Present status

There are about 44 million donkeys today. China has the most with 11 million, followed by Pakistan, Ethiopia and Mexico. Some researchers believe the actual number is somewhat higher since many donkeys go uncounted.[22]

The vast majority of donkeys are used for the same types of work that they have been doing for 6000 years. Their most common role is for transport, whether riding, pack transport, or pulling carts. They may also be used for farm tillage, threshing, raising water, milling, and other jobs. Other donkeys are used to sire mules, as companions for horses, to guard sheep, and as pets. A few are milked or raised for meat[22]

The number of donkeys in the world continues to grow, as it has steadily throughout most of history. Some factors contributing to this are increasing human population, progress in economic development and social stability in some poorer nations, conversion of forests to farm and range land, rising prices of motor vehicles and fuel, and donkeys' popularity as pets.[22][23]

A 3 week old donkey

In prosperous countries, the welfare of donkeys both at home and abroad has recently become a concern, and a number of sanctuaries for retired and rescued donkeys have been set up. The largest is the Donkey Sanctuary of England, which also supports donkey welfare projects in Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, and Mexico.[24]

Feral donkeys

Donkeys can become feral and cause problems, notably in environments that have been evolutionarily free of any form of equid, such as Hawaii.[25]

Donkeys in warfare

Donkeys have been used throughout history for transportation of supplies, pulling wagons, and, in a few cases, as riding animals. During World War I a British stretcher bearer, John Simpson Kirkpatrick, serving with the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, used a donkey named Duffy to rescue wounded soldiers, carrying them to safety in Gallipoli. There is a statue of John Simpson Kirkpatrick and his donkey in his home town, South Shields.

According to British food writer Matthew Fort, donkeys were, until recently, used in the Italian Army. The Mountain Fusiliers each had a donkey to carry their gear, and in extreme circumstances the animal could be eaten.[26] In 2006, security forces in Afghanistan prevented a man from entering a town in Zabul Province with a donkey which he had laden with 30 kg (66 lbs.) of explosives and a number of landmines, which the man had planned to set off with a remote controlled detonator.[27]

Types of donkeys

Poitou donkeys.

Domestic donkey breeds

An incomplete list of donkey breeds includes the:

Burro

Wild burros grazing Adopted wild burro Woolly paramo donkey

The Spanish brought donkeys, called "burros" in Spanish, to North America, where they were prized for their hardiness in arid country and became the beast of burden of choice by early prospectors in the Southwest United States. In the western United States the word "burro" is often used interchangeably with the word "donkey" by English speakers. Sometimes the distinction is made with smaller donkeys, descended from Mexican stock, called "burros," while those descended from stock imported directly from Europe are called "donkeys."

The feral burros on the western rangelands descend from animals that ran away, were abandoned, or were freed. Wild burros in the United States were protected by Pub.L. 92-195, the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 (see also Kleppe v. New Mexico). These animals, considered to be a living legacy, are periodically at risk when severe drought conditions prevail. To reduce herd populations and preserve grazing land, the Bureau of Land Management conducts roundups of burro herds, which are then sold at public auctions.

Wild burros can make good pets when treated well and trained properly. They are clever and curious. When trust has been established, they appreciate, and even seek, attention and grooming.[original research?]

Donkey hybrids

A male donkey (jack) can be crossed with a female horse to produce a mule. A male horse can be crossed with a female donkey (jennet or jenny) to produce a hinny. A female donkey in the UK is called a mare, or jenny.

Horse-donkey hybrids are almost always sterile because horses have 64 chromosomes whereas donkeys have 62, producing offspring with 63 chromosomes. Mules are much more common than hinnies. This is believed to be caused by two factors, the first being proven in cat hybrids, that when the chromosome count of the male is the higher, fertility rates drop (as in the case of stallion x jennet).[citation needed] The lower progesterone production of the jenny may also lead to early embryonic loss. In addition, there are reasons not directly related to reproductive biology. Due to different mating behavior, jacks are often more willing to cover mares than stallions are to breed jennys. Further, mares are usually larger than jennys and thus have more room for the ensuing foal to grow in the womb, resulting in a larger animal at birth. It is commonly believed that mules are more easily handled and also physically stronger than hinnies, making them more desirable for breeders to produce, and it is unquestioned that mules are more common in total number[citation needed].

The offspring of a zebra-donkey cross is called a zonkey, zebroid, zebrass, or zedonk;[28] zebra mule is an older term, but still used in some regions today. The foregoing terms generally refer to hybrids produced by breeding a male zebra to a female donkey. Zebra hinny, zebret and zebrinny all refer to the cross of a female zebra with a male donkey. Zebrinnies are rarer than zedonkies because female zebras in captivity are most valuable when used to produce full-blooded zebras.[29] There are not enough female zebras breeding in captivity to spare them for hybridizing; there is no such limitation on the number of female donkeys breeding.

Wild ass, onager, and kiang

With domestication of almost all donkeys few species now exist in the wild. Some of them are the African Wild Ass (Equus africanus) and its subspecies Somalian wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis). Also the Asiatic wild ass or Onager, Equus hemionus, and the kiang, Equus kiang, of the Himalayan upland.

There was one other, now extinct species called the European Ass (Equus hydruntinus) which became extinct during the Neolithic. In the wild the asses can reach top speeds equalling zebras and even most horses.

Cultural references

This "In popular culture" section may contain minor or trivial references. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances, and remove trivial references. (September 2010)
A North African donkey in a 1917 issue of National Geographic Magazine

The long history of human donkey use has created a rich store of cultural references:

Religion and myth

Fable and folklore

Literature

Any number of donkeys appear in world literary works.

Film

Proverb and idiom

Insult and vulgarity

Politics

See also

Further reading

Notes

  1. ^ Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder, ed (2005). "Equus asinus". Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14100004.
  2. ^ a b International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003). "Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010).". Bull.Zool.Nomencl. 60 (1): 81–84. http://www.iczn.org/BZNMar2003opinions.htm#opinion2027.
  3. ^ Rossel S, Marshall F et al. "Domestication of the donkey: Timing, processes, and indicators." PNAS 105(10):3715-3720. March 11, 2008. Abstract
  4. ^ "The Donkey; Gestation and Care of Jennet During Gestation". Agriculture and Rural Development. Government of Alerta. November 1990. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex598#Gestation. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  5. ^ "The Donkey". .agric.gov.ab.ca. 1990-11-01. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex598. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  6. ^ EA Canacoo, FK Avornyo (1998). "Daytime activities of donkeys at range in the coastal savanna of Ghana". Applied Animal Behaviour Science
  7. ^ G Whitehead, J French, P Ikin (1991). "Welfare and veterinary care of donkeys". In Practice (British Veterinary Association)
  8. ^ To Prevent a Donkey's Braying. The Daily Telegraph. May 30, 1895
  9. ^ This mule brays to order. The New York Times. January 1, 1903
  10. ^ Tryon Edwards (2008-11). A Dictionary of Thoughts. p. 560. ISBN 9781443730174. http://books.google.com/?id=NvvxD5Qx2HoC&pg=PA560
  11. ^ a b Burden, F. A.; Gallagher, J.; Thiemann, A. K.; Trawford, A. F. (2008). "Necropsy survey of gastric ulcers in a population of aged donkeys: prevalence, lesion description and risk factors". Animal 3 (2): 287–293. doi:10.1017/S1751731108003480.
  12. ^ "D Smith and S Wood. "Donkey Nutrition." ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'' J Duncan and D Hadrill (2008) Whittet Books. Volume 4: p 10". Wikivet.net. http://wikivet.net/index.php/Food_(Natural)_and_Feeding_Style_-_Donkey. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  13. ^ a b S Wood, D Smith and C Morris. "Seasonal variation of digestible energy requirements of mature donkeys in the UK". Proceedings Equine Nutrition Conference. Hanover, Germany. 1–2 October 2005:p39-40
  14. ^ Smith, DG; Pearson, RA (November 2005). "A review of the factors affecting the survival of donkeys in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa". Trop Anim Health Prod 37 Suppl 1: 1–19. PMID 16335068.
  15. ^ a b c Grose Dict. Vulg. Tongue, "Donkey or Donkey Dick, a he or Jack-ass", Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989 (OED Online, subscription, Retrieved May 8, 2008)
  16. ^ Merriam-Webster Unabridged (MWU). (Online subscription-based reference service of Merriam-Webster, based on Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.) Headword donkey. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  17. ^ a b Houghton Mifflin (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 535. ISBN 978-0-395-82517-4.
  18. ^ J. Clutton-Brook, J. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals 1999.
  19. ^ Albano Beja-Pereira, "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey," in Science, 2004
  20. ^ "ABC.net.au". ABC.net.au. 2003-05-19. http://www.abc.net.au/creaturefeatures/facts/donkeys.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  21. ^ "Donkeys". Yptenc.org.uk. 2010-09-06. http://www.yptenc.org.uk/docs/factsheets/animal_facts/donkeys.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  22. ^ a b c Starkey, P. and M. Starkey. 1997. Regional and World trends in Donkey Populations. Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA)
  23. ^ Blench, R. 2000. The History and Spread of Donkeys in Africa. Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA)
  24. ^ "(DS). 2006. Website. (Retrieved December 2, 2006)". The Donkey Sanctuary. http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/site/1/Home.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  25. ^ "Conflict grows between residents, donkeys." Lucas, Carolyn. Nov. 7, 2009. Hawaii Tribune Herald (online. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
  26. ^ Fort, Matthew (2005-06-20). Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa. HarperPerennial. ISBN 0007214812.
  27. ^ "Afghan Police Stop Bombing Attack From Explosives-laden Donkey". Fox News. 2006-06-08. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198637,00.html. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  28. ^ "American Donkey and Mule Society: Zebra Hybrids". Lovelongears.com. http://www.lovelongears.com/zorse.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  29. ^ "All About Zebra Hybrids". Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20091027124229/http://www.geocities.com/zedonknzorse/allabout.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  30. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin leaf 98a
  31. ^ "Hofesh.org". Hofesh.org. http://www.hofesh.org.il/books/chamoro.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  32. ^ Al-Nawawi, Sahih Muslim, 3-4:450-1; Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Musnad, 5:194, 197, 202, 208; Abu Bakr Ibn al-‘Arabi, ‘Aridat al-Ahwadhi bi Sharh Sahih al-Tirmidhi (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, n.d.), 1:133. All reported in El-Fadl.
  33. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:54:522
  34. ^ "La palabra "rucio"" (PDF). http://www.h-net.org/~cervantes/csa/articf04/palabrarucio.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  35. ^ "Ruc català - (Catalan donkey)". Fuives.com. http://www.fuives.com/. Retrieved 2010-09-14.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Equus asinus
· · Extant Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) species by suborder
Kingdom Animalia · Phylum Chordata · Class Mammalia · Infraclass Eutheria · Superorder Laurasiatheria
Hippomorpha
Equidae (Horse family)
Equus (including Zebras) Subgenus Equus: Wild horse (E. ferus) · Domestic Horse (E. ferus caballus) Subgenus Asinus: African Wild Ass (E. africanus) · Donkey (E. asinus) · Onager (E. hemionus) · Kiang (E. kiang) Subgenus Dolichohippus: Grévy's Zebra (E. grevyi) Subgenus Hippotigris: Plains Zebra (E. quagga) · Mountain Zebra (E. zebra)
Ceratomorpha
Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceroses)
Rhinoceros Indian Rhinoceros (R. unicornis) · Javan Rhinoceros (R. sondaicus)
Dicerorhinus Sumatran Rhinoceros (D. sumatrensis)
Ceratotherium White Rhinoceros (C. simum)
Diceros Black Rhinoceros (D. bicornis)
Tapiridae (Tapirs)
Tapirus Baird's Tapir (T. bairdii) · Malayan Tapir (T. indicus) · Mountain Tapir (T. pinchaque) · Black Lowland Tapir (T. pygmaeus) · South American Tapir (T. terrestris)
Category
· · Species and hybrids of genus Equus, both extant and extinct
Species Equus africanus · (Equus africanus asinus) · Equus burchelli · †Equus complicatus · †Equus conversidens · †Equus crinidens · †Equus cumminsii · †Equus excelsus · Equus ferus (†Equus ferus ferus, Equus ferus przewalskii · Equus ferus caballus) · †Equus francisci · †Equus fraternus · †Equus giganteus · Equus grevyi · Equus hemionus · †Equus hydruntinus · Equus kiang · †Equus lambei · †Equus namadicus · †Equus niobrarensis · †Equus occidentalis · †Equus pacificus · †Equus parastylidens · †Equus pectinatus · Equus quagga (†Equus quagga quagga) · †Equus scotti · †Equus simplicidens · †Equus sivalensis · †Equus stenonis · †Equus yunnanensis · Equus zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae, Equus zebra zebra)
Hybrids Hinny · Mule · Zebroid
Evolution Equidae · Equus · Evolution of the horse · Wild horse · Domestication of the horse
· · Equine
Equine science and management Equine anatomy · Equine nutrition · Horse behavior · Horse care · Horse breeding · Equine conformation · Equine coat color · Horse gait
Equestrianism and sport Glossary of equestrian terms · List of Equestrian Sports · Horse tack · Bit · Bridle · Saddle · Harness · English riding · Western riding · Driving · Horse training · Horse racing · Equestrian at the Summer Olympics (medalists, venues) · Horse show · Equitation
Evolution and history Domestication · In warfare · In the Middle Ages · Horses in East Asian warfare · History of the horse in South Asia · Horses in the Napoleonic Wars · Horses in World War I · Horses in World War II · History of the horse in Britain
Horse breeds, types and other Equidae
Horses List of horse breeds · Wild horse · Feral horse · Stock horse · Gaited horse · Draft horse · Warmblood · Sport horse
Other Equus Donkey · Zebra · Onager
Hybrids Hinny · Mule · Zebroid
Category: Equidae

Categories: Domesticated animals | Donkeys | Feral animals | Pet mammals | Animals described in 1758

 

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